Efficacy of acidified phytase supplemented cottonseed meal based diets on growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings / Eficácia de dietas à base de algodão com fitase acidificada suplementada no desempenho do crescimento e na composição proximada de dedos de Labeo rohita

Abstract The growth of aquaculture sector is strongly dependent upon the continuous supply of inexpensive fish feed with balanced nutritional profile. However, fish meal (FM) is unable to satisfy this demand due to its scarce supply and high cost. In order to test the potential of cottonseed meal (CSM) as a fish meal replacer, a feeding trial of 12 weeks was conducted to check growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings. The protein ration of the test feed was satisfied by replacing FM with CSM at 0, 25, 50 and 75%. Sixteen test diets viz., TD1 (control), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 and TD16 were supplemented with citric acid (CA; 0 and 2.5%) and phytase (PHY; 0 and 750 FTU/kg) in a completely randomized design with 3×3 factorial arrangement. The highest weight gain (11.03g), weight gain% (249.21%), specific growth rate (1.39) and best feed conversion ratio (1.20) were recorded by fish fed with TD12. Furthermore, the same level increased the crude protein (59.26%) and fat (16.04%) being significantly different (p<0.05) than that of control. Conclusively, the addition of acidified phytase (CA; 2.5%, PHY; 750 FTU/kg) in TD12 (CSM=50%) led to the improved growth and proximate composition of L. rohita fingerlings.

Resumo O crescimento do setor de aquicultura é fortemente dependente do fornecimento contínuo de rações baratas para peixes com perfil nutricional equilibrado. Porém, a farinha de peixe (FM) não consegue atender a essa demanda devido à sua escassa oferta e alto custo. Com o objetivo de testar o potencial da farinha de semente de canola (MSC) como substituto da farinha de peixe, um ensaio alimentar de 12 semanas foi conduzido para verificar o desempenho de crescimento e a composição centesimal de alevinos de Labeo rohita. A ração de proteína da ração teste foi satisfeita substituindo FM por CSM em 0, 25, 50 e 75%. Dezesseis dietas de teste, viz., TD1 (controle), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 e TD16 foram suplementadas com ácido cítrico (CA; 0 e 2,5%) e fitase (PHY; 0 e 750 FTU / kg) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 3 × 3. O maior ganho de peso (11,03g), % de ganho de peso (249,21%), taxa de crescimento específico (1,39) e melhor taxa de conversão alimentar (1,20) foram registrados por peixes alimentados com TD12. Além disso, o mesmo nível aumentou a proteína bruta (59,26%) e a gordura (16,04%), sendo significativamente diferente (p <0,05) do controle. Conclusivamente, a adição de fitase acidificada (CA; 2,5%, PHY; 750 FTU / kg) em TD12 (CSM = 50%) levou a um melhor crescimento e composição próxima de alevinos de L. rohita.

Physicochemical features, functional characteristics, and health benefits of cottonseed oil: a review / Benefícios à saúde humana e características físico-químicas e funcionais do óleo de semente de algodão: uma revisão

Vegetable oils have their specific physicochemical properties due to which they are playing vital role in human nutritional diet for health benefits. Cottonseed oil is obtained from various species of cotton seeds that are famous to be grown mainly for their fiber quality. The most prominently used specie is Gossypium hirsutum. It is obvious that the seeds of different variety of cotton vary as grown in diverse agroclimatic conditions with respect to oil, fats and protein contents. Cottonseed oil is routinely used for cooking and food manufacturing products. Cottonseed oil obtained after proper extraction/processing steps from crude state to refined oil in a variety of ways. Cotton crop is considered for their dual-use purpose, for fiber quality and oil production to promote health benefits in the world. Keeping in view the above facts, this review clearly demonstrated an overview about physicochemical and functional properties of cottonseed oil to promote health benefits associated with the use of this oil. The overall characteristics and all concerned health benefits of CSO will further improve their usefulness is a compact way. We have summarized a brief multi-dimensional features of CSO in all aspects up to the best of our knowledge for the end researchers who can further research in the respective aspect.

Os óleos vegetais têm propriedades físico-químicas específicas que desempenham um papel vital na dieta nutricional humana em benefício à saúde. O óleo de semente de algodão, utilizado rotineiramente no preparo e na fabricação de alimentos, é obtido através de várias espécies de sementes de algodão, famosas pela alta qualidade de sua fibra., cuja espécie mais utilizada é Gossypium hirsutum. As sementes variam, em relação ao teor do óleo, da gordura e das proteínas, de acordo com o cultivo e as diversas condições agroclimáticas. O óleo de algodão é obtido após etapas adequadas de extração das sementes e processamento do estado bruto ao refinado. Assim, a presente revisão demonstra, de maneira geral, as propriedades físico-químicas e funcionais do óleo de semente de algodão e seus benefícios à saúde humana, resumindo suas características multidimensionais. As características gerais e todos os benefícios do composto podem melhorar ainda mais se utilizadas de forma compacta, auxiliando futuros pesquisadores.

Desempenho e características de carcaças de fêmeas suínas alimentadas com farelo de algodão / Performance and carcass characteristics in female pigs fed with cottonseed meal / Rendimiento y características de caparazón de hembras porcinas alimentadas com harina de algodón

Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros de desempenho, características de carcaças e viabilidade econômica de fêmeas suínas alimentadas com diferentes níveis de inclusão do farelo de algodão (FA) nas rações. Foram utilizadas 24 fêmeas suínas, com peso vivo médio de 48,20 ± 5,44 kg (fase de crescimento) e de 87,62 ± 6,72 kg (fase de terminação). O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos (0%, 10%, 20% e 30% de inclusão de farelo de algodão), seis repetições, um animal por unidade experimental. Na fase de crescimento os parâmetros de desempenho não foram influenciados significativamente, na fase de terminação e total houve uma redução do ganho de peso e consumo de ração. Para as características de carcaça os animais apresentaram redução na espessura de toucinho e um aumento na área de olho de lombo até o nível de 13,5% de inclusão de FA. Quanto ao peso dos órgãos houve um aumento do peso do coração, fígado e rins. Conclui-se que é possível incluir o FA até o nível de 30%, sem afetar as características de desempenho na fase de crescimento, e de até 13,5% sem comprometer o rendimento de carcaças.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance, carcass characteristics and economic viability parameters in female pigs fed with different levels of cottonseed meal (CM) in the diets. Twenty-four crossbred female pigs were used, with live weight of 48.20 ± 5.44 kg (growth phase), and 87.62 ± 6.72 kg (finish phase). A completely randomized block design with four treatments (0%, 10%, 20% and 30% inclusion of cottonseed meal) was used with six replication, one animal per experimental unit. The performance parameters were not significant in the growth phase; the finish and total phase presented a reduction of weight gain and feed intake. For the carcass characteristics, the animals presented a reduction in backfat thickness, and an increase in the loin area up to 13.5% CM inclusion level. The organs showed weight increase for the heart, liver, and kidneys. It can be concluded that CM can be included in up to 30% without affecting the performance characteristics in the growth phase, and up to 13.5% without compromising the carcass characteristics.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar los parámetros de rendimiento, características de caparazón y la viabilidad económica de hembras porcinas alimentadas con diferentes niveles de inclusión de harina de algodón (HA) en las raciones. Se utilizaron veinticuatro hembras porcinas, con peso vivo promedio de 48,20 ± 5,44 kg (fase de crecimiento) y 87,62 ± 6,72 kg (fase de terminación). El diseño fue en bloques aleatorios, con cuatro tratamientos (0%, 10%, 20% y 30% de inclusión de harina de algodón), seis repeticiones, un animal por unidad experimental. En la fase de crecimiento, los parámetros de rendimiento no se vieron significativamente influenciados; en la fase de terminación y total, hubo una reducción en el aumento de peso y la ingesta de pienso. Para las características de caparazón, los animales mostraron una reducción en el espesor del tocino y un aumento en el área del ojo del lomo, hasta el nivel del 13,5% de la inclusión de HA. En cuanto al peso de los órganos, hubo un aumento en el peso del corazón, hígado y riñones. Se concluye que es posible incluir HA hasta el nivel de 30%, sin afectar las características de rendimiento en la fase de crecimiento, y de hasta un 13,5% sin comprometer el rendimiento de los caparazones.(AU)

Efeito de diferentes concentrações de ingestão de gossipol livre sobre morfometria testicular e qualidade seminal de touros da raça Nelore / Effect of free gossypol intake in different levels on the testicular morphometry and seminal quality of Nelore bulls

A cotonicultura tem forte fator de impacto na economia nacional, e o estado de Mato Grosso se destaca por ser o maior produtor de algodão herbáceo e deter o maior rebanho bovino do país, condições essas que estimulam o uso do caroço, da torta e do farelo de algodão na alimentação animal. Considerando que o gossipol está presente nos subprodutos do algodão e que seus efeitos sobre a reprodução podem reduzir a fertilidade dos animais, objetivou-se, com essa pesquisa, avaliar o efeito da ingestão de dietas com diferentes teores de gossipol livre por dia sobre a morfometria testicular e a qualidade seminal de touros da raça Nelore. Foram utilizados 28 touros, distribuídos aleatoriamente em seis tratamentos: T0, 0 grama de gossipol livre/touro/dia ; T1, 1,08 grama de gossipol livre/touro/dia; T2, 2,07 gramas de gossipol livre/touro/dia; T3, 3,24 gramas de gossipol livre/touro/dia; T4, 3,82 gramas de gossipol livre/touro/dia e T5, 5,08 gramas de gossipol livre/touro/dia. Os animais de cada tratamento foram mantidos confinados em área média de 100m2, dotada de bebedouro, cochos para mistura mineral e para volumoso/concentrado. O consumo de 3,24 gramas de gossipol livre/touro/dia alterou a qualidade espermática e a morfometria testicular de touros.(AU)

The cotton industry has a strong impact factor in the Brazilian economy and the state of Mato Grosso stands out for being the largest upland-type cotton producer and also holds the largest cattle herd in the country, conditions that stimulate the use of cottonseed pie and cottonseed meal in animal feed. Whereas gossypol is present in cotton by-products and their effects on reproduction can reduce the animal fertility, this research evaluated the effect of diets with different free gossypol contents in the testicular morphometry and semen quality of Nelore bulls. 28 bulls were randomly distributed in six treatments: T0, receiving no free gossypol; T1, receiving 1.08g / bull / day; T2, receiving 2.07g / bull / day; T3, receiving 3.24g / bull / day; T4, receiving 3.82g / bull / day and T5, receiving 5.08g / bull / day of free gossypol respectively. The animals in each treatment were kept confined in an averaged area of 100m2, having fresh water, troughs for mineral mixture and roughage / concentrate. The consumption of 3.24g of free gossypol / bull / day altered the bulls sperm quality and testicular morphometry.(AU)

Effect of cottonseed oil and ferrous sulfate in broiler diets on intestinal morphometry at 42 days of age / Efeito de óleo de semente de algodão e sulfato ferroso em dietas de aves na morfometria intestinal aos 42 dias de idade

The aim of the study was to evaluate the intestinal morphometry of broilers at 42 days of age fed diets containing different levels of cottonseed oil, with and without addition of ferrous sulfate. A total of 560 male Ross chickens were used in a completely randomized design with a 4×2 factorial arrangement and five replications with 14 birds. The cottonseed oil levels tested were 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%. At 42 days of age, one bird per replicate was collected for morphometric. Analyzed variables were villus height, crypt length and muscle wall thickness. The statistical analysis was performed using SAS, P=0.05. In the duodenum and ileum, there was no significant effect of interaction between the treatments. In the jejunum, only the length of the crypt, the treatment with cottonseed oil 2%, more ferrous sulfate resulted in lower values; however, the same oil content without ferrous sulfate led to a greater length, which was also observed in the treatment with 4% oil plus ferrous sulfate. Inclusion of cottonseed oil in broiler diets at 42 days of age does not impair their intestinal morphology. Supplementation with ferrous sulfate at these levels is unnecessary, since no improvement was observed in the intestinal morphometric.(AU)

O objetivo de estudo foi avaliar a morfometria intestinal de aves aos 42 dias de vida alimentadas com dietas contendo níveis variados de óleo de semente de algodão com e sem adição de sulfato ferroso. Um total de 560 machos de aves Ross foram usadas em estudo randomizado com amostras 4x2 e 5 replicações com 14 aves. Os níveis de óleo de semente de algodão testados foram 0%, 2%, 4%, e 6%. Aos 42 dias de idade, um pássaro por replica foi coletado para morfometria. As variáveis analisadas foram altura de villus, comprimento de cripta, e espessura de parede muscular. A análise estatística foi realizada com SAS, P=0,05. Não houve efeito significativo de interação entre tratamentos no duodeno ou íleo. No jejuno, apenas o comprimento da cripta, no tratamento com óleo de semente de algodão a 2% com mais sulfato ferroso, apresentou valor mais baixo. No entanto, o mesmo valor de óleo sem sulfato ferroso resultou em maior comprimento, resultado percebido também com 4% de óleo. Inclusão de óleo de semente de algodão em dietas de aves aos 42 dias de idade não causa danos à morfologia intestinal. Suplementação com sulfato ferroso não é necessário, já que não houve melhora em morfometria intestinal.

Carcaça e componentes não carcaça de cordeiros terminados em confinamento com caroço de algodão na dieta / Carcass and non carcass components of lambs finished in feedlot with cottonseed on the diet

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características de carcaça e dos componentes não carcaça de cordeiros terminados em confinamento, com diferentes proporções de caroço de algodão na dieta. Foram utilizados 45 cordeiros, machos, não castrados, da raça Ile de France. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por níveis de inclusão de caroço de algodão na matéria seca (MS) da dieta total (0%; 10%; 20%; 30% ou 40%), sendo a dieta composta por silagem de milho (Zea mays L.), grão de milho triturado (Zea mays L.), farelo de soja (Glycine max L.), caroço de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum L.), calcário calcítico e sal mineral, em proporção de volumoso:concentrado de 40:60. Os animais foram abatidos com peso de abate preestabelecido. O peso de carcaça quente e o peso de carcaça fria, bem como o índice de quebra ao resfriamento, o índice de compacidade, a conformação e o estado de engorduramento da carcaça, não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelo nível de inclusão de caroço de algodão na dieta. As características de rendimento de carcaça quente e rendimento de carcaça fria diminuíram linearmente (P≤0,05) à medida que se incluiu caroço de algodão na dieta. Com relação à medida de espessura de gordura de cobertura, pode-se observar que houve comportamento quadrático crescente e, em relação à variável área de olho de lombo, o comportamento observado foi o linear decrescente. Quanto às proporções dos cortes comerciais da carcaça, o peso de perna diminuiu linearmente (P≤0,05) enquanto a porcentagem de perna foi influenciada de forma quadrática (P≤0,05) pela inclusão de caroço de algodão nas dietas. O trato gastrointestinal cheio e o conteúdo do trato gastrointestinal aumentam linearmente (P≤0,05) com o incremento do nível de inclusão de caroço de algodão na dieta. Algumas das características de carcaça e dos componentes não carcaça tiveram influência negativa da elevação do teor de fibra e de lipídios da dieta à medida que se incluiu caroço de algodão na dieta total.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the carcass and non carcass components characteristics of lambs finished in feedlot with different proportions of cottonseed on the diet. Forty five lambs, non castrated males, from Ile de France race. The treatments were constituted by levels of inclusion of cottonseed on dry matter (DM) of the total diet (0%; 10%; 20%; 30% or 40%), being the diet composed by corn silage (Zea mays L.), ground corn grain (Zea mays L.), soybean meal (Glycine max L.), cottonseed (Gossypiumhirsutum L.), limestone and mineral salt in a roughage: concentrate proportion of 40:60. The animals were slaughtered with a pre- established slaughter weight. The hot and cold carcass weight, as well as the carcass chilling index, the compactness index, the conformation and the fattening state of the carcass were not influenced (P> 0.05) by the level of inclusion of cottonseed on the diet. The hot and cold carcass yield decreased linearly (P≤ 0.05) as the cottonseed was included on the diet. Regarding the subcutaneous fat thickness it is possible to observe that there was a crescent quadratic behavior and in relation to the rib eye area variable, the behavior observed was linear decrescent. Regarding the proportions of the commercial cuts of the carcass, the leg weight decreased linearly (P≤ 0.05) while the percentage of leg was quadratic influenced (P≤ 0.05) by the inclusion of cottonseed on the diets. The full gastrointestinal tract and the gastrointestinal tract content increased linearly (P≤ 0.05) with the increase on the level of inclusion of cottonseed on the diet. Some of the carcass and non carcass components characteristics had negative influence of level fiber content and dietary lipids as it included cottonseed in the total diet.(AU)

Alternaria in Food: Ecophysiology, Mycotoxin Production and Toxicology

Alternaria species are common saprophytes or pathogens of a wide range of plants pre- and post-harvest. This review considers the relative importance of Alternaria species, their ecology, competitiveness, production of mycotoxins and the prevalence of the predominant mycotoxins in different food products. The available toxicity data on these toxins and the potential future impacts of Alternaria species and their toxicity in food products pre- and post-harvest are discussed. The growth of Alternaria species is influenced by interacting abiotic factors, especially water activity (a(w)), temperature and pH. The boundary conditions which allow growth and toxin production have been identified in relation to different matrices including cereal grain, sorghum, cottonseed, tomato, and soya beans. The competitiveness of Alternaria species is related to their water stress tolerance, hydrolytic enzyme production and ability to produce mycotoxins. The relationship between A. tenuissima and other phyllosphere fungi has been examined and the relative competitiveness determined using both an Index of Dominance (I(D)) and the Niche Overlap Index (NOI) based on carbon-utilisation patterns. The toxicology of some of the Alternaria mycotoxins have been studied; however, some data are still lacking. The isolation of Alternaria toxins in different food products including processed products is reviewed. The future implications of Alternaria colonization/infection and the role of their mycotoxins in food production chains pre- and post-harvest are discussed.

Bioconversion of apple pomace into a multienzyme bio-feed by two mixed strains of Aspergillus niger in solid state fermentation

Apple pomace is a wasted resource produced in large quantities and its deposit has caused serious environmental problems, so it is significance to make the full utilization of the residues. The objectives of this work were to produce multienzyme bio-feed, biodegrade the anti-nutritional factors such as pectin and tannins in apple pomace, and obtain the nutritional enrichment of the fermented substrate. The mixture of apple pomace and cottonseed powder (1:1, w/w), supplemented with 1 percent (w/w) (NH4)2SO4 and 0.1 percent (w/w) KH2PO4, was proved to be the optimum medium for the mixed strains of Aspergillus niger M2 and M3 (2:1, w/w). The activities of pectinase, proteinase and cellulase achieved 21168 u/g, 3585 u/g and 1208u/g, and the biodegradation rates of pectin and tannins reached 99.0 percent and 66.1 percent, respectively, when 0.4 percent(w/w) of the test fungiwere inoculated and incubated at 30ºC for 48 hrs in solid state fermentation. The utilization of apple pomace in the paper can be served as a model for the similar waste recycling.

Immobilized lipase-catalyzed synthesis of biodiesel from crude cottonseed oil / 生物工程学报

We investigated the transesterification of crude cottonseed oil with methyl acetate to biodiesel, by using Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435 as catalysts. Results showed that the biodiesel yield significantly increased with the addition of methanol into the reaction system, and the highest biodiesel yield of 91.83% was achieved with the optimum conditions as follows: n-hexane as solvent, molar ratio of methyl acetate to oil 9:1, 3% methanol based on the oil mass to inhibit the creation of acetic acid, 10% Lipozyme TL IM and 5% Novozym 435 as catalyst based on the oil mass, reaction temperature 55 degrees C and reaction time 8 h. Additionally, we explored the kinetics of lipase-catalyzed crude cottonseed oil to biodiesel, and proposed a kinetic model.

Gossypol inhibits proliferation of endometrioma cells in culture / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To evaluate the anti-proliferative activity and mitochondrial toxicity of gossypol in endometrioma cells maintained in short-term cultures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>(A) Three endometrioma cell lines from patients were treated with 25 or 50 nmol/L gossypol for up to 12 days. The effect of gossypol on the cell growth was recorded. (B) A phosphorescence oxygen analyzer was used to determine the effects of gossypol on mitochondrial oxygen consumption of six endometrioma cell lines from patients. (C) Cellular gossypol accumulations in three endometrioma cell lines from patients were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Proliferation of the endometrioma cells was inhibited by 25 and 50 nmol/L gossypol. Respiration of the endometrioma cells was inhibited by 10 micromol/L gossypol. Cellular gossypol was detected in the endometrioma cell lines that were treated for 24 h with 10 and 0.3 micromol/L gossypol.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Gossypol invokes a potent toxicity on cultured endometrioma cells.</p>

Using cotton seed flour as a new source of protein and its effect on nutritive value and sensory characteristics of biscuit and bread

The major nutritional problem in most of the developing countries is protein- energy malnutrition. Nutritionally cotton seed flour [CSF] is low in fat and contains a substantial amount of high biological value protein. The present research was conducted to study the effect of fortification of both biscuit and bread with cotton seed flour. Cotton seed flour was added to wheat flour [extract 72%] at three levels 10%, 20%, and 30%. Fortified and unfortified samples of biscuit and bread were evaluated chemically, nutritionally and sensory. Results revealed that protein and minerals contents of both Fortified biscuit and bread increased by increasing level of fortification. The percentage increase of total protein for biscuit was 35.2%, 70.4% and 103.7% at levels 10%, 20% and 30% cotton seed flour [CSF] respectively, while percentage increase for bread were 51.5%, 113.0% and 154.9%. Calcium [Ca], Phosphorous [P], Iron [Fe] and Zinc [Zn] contents for fortified biscuit [at level 30% CSF] increased by 355.6%, 133.5% 67.3% and 119.2% respectively, while the values for bread were 145.6%, 191.6%, 90.6% and 140% at the same level of fortification [30%]. Also biological value [B.V] and protein efficiency ratio [PER] for fortified biscuit and bread were increased by increasing the level of CSF. All given sensory scores of the fortified biscuit and bread samples were fairly decreased with increasing the percentage of CSF, except for biscuit's colour. The differences between control [unfortified] and fortified biscuit samples were not significant [P >/= 0.05]. In conclusion, addition of [CSF] to wheat flour led to increase of biscuit and bread content of total protein, mineral and amino acids. Also there was an improvement in product colour [biscuit]. The investigator advice mass production of CSF to supplement wheat flour so to help crossing the gap between production and consumption of wheat

Effects of cottonseed oil (Gossypium SPP.) and cottonsseed meal on Estrous cycle; ovulation and histoarchitecture of female reproductive organs of adult cyclic Sprague-Dawley rats

"Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of various forms of cottonseed oil (whole Cottonseed; ""Refined"" industrially extracted Cottonseed oil and ""Crude"" locally extracted Cottonseed oil) on the Estrous cycle and Ovulation; and Histoarchitecture of female reproductive organs . Regular 4-day adult cyclic female sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups; three experimental and one control of five rats each. Group A rats were fed with 1.5mls/kg body weight of industrially extracted ""refined"" cottonseed oil-Sunolar. Group B with 2mls/kg body weight of finely grounded whole cottonseed powder; while same number of animals in group C were fed with locally extracted ""crude"" cottonseed oil. Daily Vaginal smears were taken between 8-9am. Six estrous cycles were monitored before administration of the test substances; another six cycles were monitored during the periods the test substances were administered; then another six cycles were studied after withdrawal of the test substances. Effects of the test substances on ovulation were also studied by administering the test substances on the morning of proestrous and counting the number of ova shed on estrous. Adrenal glands and reproductive organs of test and control animals were subjected to histological study. Varying degrees of variation from the expected 2:1:1 ratio of number of diestrous: proestrous: estrous days were noticed. The variation was greatest in group B animals which were treated with finely ground whole cottonseed powder. Ovulation was completely blocked in animals treated with locally extracted ""crude"" cottonseed oil (Group C). Histological studies of reproductive organs of control and experimental animals showed normal histology."

Effect of selected fungi on the reduction of gossypol levels and nutritional value during solid substrate fermentation of cottonseed meal / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of six individual strains of fungi on the reduction of gossypol levels and nutritional value during solid substrate fermentation of cottonseed meal (CSM). Six groups of disinfected CSM substrate were incubated for 48 h after inoculation with either of the fungi C. capsuligena ZD-1, C. tropicalis ZD-3, S. cerevisae ZD-5, A. terricola ZD-6, A. oryzae ZD-7, or A. niger ZD-8. One not inoculated group (substrate) was used as a control. Levels of initial and final free gossypol (FG), crude protein (CP), amino acids (AA) and in vitro digestibility were assayed. The experiment was done in triplicate. The experimental results indicated that microbial fermentation could greatly decrease (P<0.05) FG levels in CSM. The detoxification efficiency differed between the species of microorganisms applied. From the perspective of reducing CSM potential toxicity, C. tropicalis ZD-3 was most successful followed by S. cerevisae ZD-5 and A. niger ZD8. They could reduce FG levels of CSM to 29.8, 63.07 and 81.50 mg/kg based on DM (dry matter), respectively, and their detoxification rate were 94.57%, 88.51% and 85.16%, respectively. If crude protein, amino acids content and their in vitro digestibility were also taken into account, A. niger ZD-8 may be the best choice. The CP content of CSM substrate fermented by C. tropicalis ZD-3 and A. niger ZD-8 were improved by 10.76% and 22.24%; the TAA (total amino acids) contents were increased by 7.06% and 11.46%, and the EAA (essential amino acids) were raised by 7.77% and 12.64%, respectively. Especially, the levels of methionine, lysine and threonine were improved greatly (P<0.05). The in vitro CP digestibility of CSM fermented by C. tropicalis ZD-3 and A. niger ZD-8 was improved by 13.42% and 18.22%, the TAA were increased by 17.75% and 22.88%, and the EAA by 16.61% and 21.01%, respectively. In addition, the in vitro digestibility of methionine, lysine and threonine was also improved greatly (P<0.05).

Prevalences of oligozoospermia and azoospermia in male partners of infertile couples from different parts of India / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To determine whether there was any regional variation in the prevalence of azoospermia, oligozoospermia and mean sperm counts in male partners of infertile couples from different parts of India.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data on 16,714 semen samples analyzed over the past five years from six different laboratories located in five cities of India were collated and evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was a regional variation in the prevalence of azoospermia. The prevalence of azoospermia was extremely high in Kurnool and Jodhpur (38.3% and 37.4%, respectively). There was also a regional variation in the prevalence of oligozoospermia (51%) in Kurnool. There was no significant difference in the mean sperm counts in normospermic men.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There is a regional variation in the prevalence of azoospermia and oligozoospermia in the male partners of infertile couples from different regions of India. The prevalence of azoospermia in Kurnool and Jodhpur is higher than any other worldwide reported literature. Further studies need to be carried out to determine the cause of this.</p>

Estimation of quality attributes and frying times of cottonseed and sunflower oil blend during deep-fat frying of potato chips

The chemical, physical and some sensory changes induced upon deep-fat frying of potato chips in a blend of cottonseed and sunflower oil were investigated. The chemical changes were correlated with the frying times aiming at establishing prediction models for estimating frying times. The oil blend became dark in colour after each successive frying. The correlation coefficient between the frying time and A[400] was very high [r=0.9967]. Similar trend was also observed in the relationship between the frying times and A[450-] Oil viscosity increased significantly with increasing frying times indicating evidence of thermal decomposition of frying oil blend. The correlation coefficient between the frying times and the refractive index was high [r=0.9898]. Slight and Continuous losses in unsaturated fatty acids of the oil blend during deep-fat frying of potato chips have taken place. The peroxide value [meq O[2]/kg oil] increased initially from 3.86 to 11.81 after 10 fryings, then dropped to 5.23 after 20 fryings followed by another rapid increase to 19.76 [meq. O[2]/kg oil] after 30 fryings. The UV absorption at 232nm increased initially from 0.4 to 1.5 after only 5 fryings and unchanged from the 5th frying to the 20th frying then dropped after 30 fryings. A considerable increase in the TBA value has occurred up to the 20[th] frying and then the TBA value showed no change for the next 10 fryings. The correlation coefficient between the frying time and TBA value was 0.93. The rate of polar compounds formation for the first 5 fryings was 3.62 mg/100mg oil/hr. whereas from the 5[th] frying to the 30[th] frying such rate was reduced to only 1.12 mg/100mg oil/hr. Sensory evaluation of the oil blend indicated that odour and colour scores were inversely related to the frying time. The most important and accurate mathematical models which express the relationship between the independent and dependant variables were established, The frying time could be successfully and accurately predicted by wise and intelligent chose of dependant variables incorporated in the best lit equations

Is gossypol trace a hepatotoxic agent?: a histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study

Gossypol [GP] known to be particularly toxic to heart and liver, is found in cottonseed meal which has the potential to increase the world's food supply. This experimental model to test the effect of gossypol trace on liver. Sixteen adult male rats were divided into two groups. A group of six animals was considered as a control and the remaining ten were grouped as experimental. Apart from the routine feeding regimens, each experimental animal was given raw cottonseed oil orally by intragastric tube once daily in a dose of 4 ml / rat / day for three successive weeks [gossypol concentration was 0.02 mg / ml]. At sacrifice, blood samples were collected for SGPT and SGOT. Paraffin sections of liver were prepared and stained with H and E, periodic acid Schiff reaction [PAS] and peroxidase antiperoxidase enzymatic immuno histochemical method [PAP]. Cryostat'sections were used to study succininc dehydrogenase activity [SDH]. SGPT and SGOT were significantly elevated by gossypol traces. Examination of treated livers revealed marked degeneration of hepatocytes allover the hepatic lobules. Mucopolysaccharide content was the same in control and treated liver. There was a decrease in succininc dehydrogenase reaction in experimental livers. Alphafetoprotein was positive in degenerated hepatocytes while it was negative in normal cells. From these findings, the cottonseed meals containing gossypol trace were strongly hepatotoxic agent

Blood serum-biochemical, hematological and clinical studies on gossypol toxicity in fattening friesian calves fed on whole cottonseed

Gossypol toxicity was diagnosed in eighteen fattening friesian calves, of six months old, fed for three weeks on concentrated diet contained 20% ground cottonseed. Clinically, calves showed anorexia, intermittent diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Later on cough, polypnea, signs of dyspnea and hemoglobinuria were observed in four calves. These calves were emergency slaughtered. Serous fluid in thoracic and abdominal cavities and congestion of parenchymatous organs were inspected. Significant decrease in erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit values was obtained during hematological examination. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia, lymphopenia and monocytosis was also significant. Serum biochemical studies revealed significant decrease in total protein and albumin and significant increase in AST and ALT activities, creatinine and BUN values. All recorded clinical signs disappeared and serum biochemical and hematological parameters were significantly improved after the change of diet to low concentrate one